基于生命周期评价的钢结构与混凝土结构建筑环境性能比较

评价一个建筑的环境性能的好坏,必须充分考虑它的生命周期中的每一个阶段。建立了建筑物的生命周期清单分析模型,并对某钢结构建筑和某混凝土建筑的生命周期清单分析结果进行了比较,结果表明,单从结构的生命周期清单分析结果,钢结构建筑相对于混凝土结构建筑有着较大的优越性,单位面积的建材生命周期环境排放仅为混凝土结构建筑的1/2左右,但是结构在建筑的整个生命周期里面只不到10%的比例,比例最大的是建筑使用阶段,影响建筑使用阶段空调能耗的主要因素是外围护结构的材料和形式,因此优化外围护结构的热工性能是当前我国建筑节能最主要的问题。     

上海市闵行区循环经济保障体系研究

发展循环经济、建立资源节约型社会,需要积极发挥政府的主导作用,努力实现企业行为的转变,大力倡导社会公众的积极参与,以及尽快构建发展循环经济的保障体系。以上海闵行区为例,在对闵行区循环经济发展现状分析及评价的基础上,从政策、经济、技术、文化、宣传教育等方面构建了闵行特色的循环经济保障体系。     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

基于LEAP模型的厦门交通能耗及大气污染物排放分析

交通部门能源消耗和污染物排放的比例较大,增长迅速,因此研究交通部门的节能减排措施显得尤为迫切。文章以厦门市城市交通部门为例,基于LEAP模型构建Xiamen-2008Tra交通模型,研究从基准年2008年到2030年的能源消费量以及CO2、SO2、NOx和PM10的排放量,评估各种节能减排措施的效果。模型设定了基准情景和最佳情景,前者作为参考情景假设政府没有采取任何措施来抑制交通部门能源增长,后者作为最乐观情景包括私家车控制、燃料经济性调整、新能源车推广、燃料税和生物燃料推广五个节能减排子情景。研究结果表明:2030年最佳情景要比基准情景节能36.08%,CO2、SO2、NOx和PM10的排放量分别减少40.46%、47.06%、32.07%和44.91%;在各种节能减排措施中,私家车控制措施节能减排效果最好。     

广义回归神经网络预测天津城市用水量

通过对1991—1994年、1996～1999年、2001～2004年、2006—2007年天津城市年用水量相关的历史数据进行分析,利用广义回归神经网络进行训练和拟合,用1995年、2000年、2005年的实际数据进行模型检验,结果证明了广义回归神经网络用于城市年用水量预测的有效性和可行性。     

China’s carbon emissions from urban and rural households during 1992-2007

In China, Rapid economic growth has stimulated fast urban expansion and rural household income and consumption expenditure. In current paper, an input-output method is used to determine the impact of China’s increased urban and rural household consumption on carbon emissions. The results shows that the direct and indirect CO₂ emission from household consumption accounted for more than 40% of total carbon emissions from primary energy utilization in China in 1992-2007. The population increase, expansion of urbanization and the increase of household consumption per capita all contribute to an increase of indirect carbon emissions, while carbon intensity decline mitigates the growth of carbon emissions. Therefore, at the domestic level, household consumption is of great significance for CO₂ emission, which could be mitigated through changing the composition of goods and services consumed by households, and switching to consumption pattern of less carbon-intensive products. The government must consider the substantial contribution of household consumption to carbon emissions when China is encouraging consumption in order to address the current global financial crisis.     

柳钢焦炉煤气氨回收技术改造

柳钢采用氨-硫铵法脱除烧结机头烟气中的SO2,脱硫效率达95%。由于采用液氨作为脱硫剂,致使脱硫成本太高。为解决烧结烟气脱硫所需的氨源,大幅度降低治污成本,本次改造主要将焦化厂现有的氨回收硫铵工艺改造为氨水工艺,实现"以废治废"、脱硫、减硝、降尘、节能降耗的目的。     

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

中国城镇化与区域居民生活直接用能研究

我国城镇化进程持续加快,1996年以来年均增长1.4个百分点,同时,居民生活直接能源消费快速增长。区域发展不平衡使各区域城镇化水平与居民生活直接用能存在差异。本文探讨2000-2011年间城镇化进程对各区域居民生活直接用能的影响规律。根据Divisia指数分解法,将居民生活直接用能变化分解为人口增长效应、城镇化率增加效应、城镇居民人均生活用能变化效应和农村居民人均生活用能变化效应。着重分析了东、中、西部区域城镇化率增加对区域生活直接用能总量变化、各类型能源品种变化的贡献及边际贡献。结果发现:12000-2011年间,城镇化进程对东、中、西部和东北区域居民生活直接用能的贡献分别为4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,人口结构的变动对中部居民直接用能的拉动作用明显;2城镇化率每提高一个百分点,对各区域间生活直接用能贡献差别不大,其中,对东部区域增量贡献最小;3与其他区域不同,中部区域城镇化进程对煤炭消费有增量贡献;东、中部区域城镇化进程对油品消费增量的贡献是西部区域的3-4倍;东部区域城镇化进程对电力消费增量的贡献接近0;4城镇化率每增加一个百分点,对东部地区油品消费增量贡献分别是中西部区域的1.9和2.3倍;对天然气和热力消费增量贡献的情况类似,均是西部区域最高,是东部和中部1.4-2.6倍。研究结论对城镇化进程下开展区域能源管理、节能减排具有指导意义。     

中亚热带森林土壤N2O消耗潜势及其控制因素研究

为了量化森林土壤N_2O消耗潜势并探讨其可能控制因素,选取中亚热带4种典型森林(建瓯的杉木人工林、罗浮栲天然林、米槠林及武夷山的米槠林)植被覆盖下的土壤,设置8个处理(预处理、基线处理、添加葡萄糖处理、添加NO~-_3处理、非淋洗处理、不添加N_2O处理、添加N_2O好气鲜土处理、不添加N_2O好气鲜土处理)进行室内培养实验.结果表明,厌氧条件下,在水分饱和、氮有效性低及添加外源N_2O时具有较大的N_2O消耗潜势.在上述条件下进行培养的土壤N_2O净通量在4种森林类型之间与两个土层之间均具有显著差异.添加外源硝态氮能显著降低土壤N_2O消耗,甚至出现N_2O排放现象(净通量高达2.19～2.38μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1));不添加外源N_2O也能显著降低土壤N_2O消耗.建瓯米槠林表层土具有较大的TC、TN及NH~+_4含量,结果表明,该种土壤具有较大的N_2O消耗潜力(净通量约为-1.39μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)).